Questions one
(a) Give the hormone responsible for each of the following biological processes.
Development of male sexual characteristics.
Development of female sexual characteristics
Prepares the body for fight or flight response
Raised blood sugar level
Initiate labour pain
Answers
Here are the hormones responsible for each of the following biological processes:
Development of male sexual characteristics: Testosterone
Development of female sexual characteristics: Estrogen
Prepares the body for fight or flight response: Adrenaline (also known as Epinephrine)
Raised blood sugar level: Glucagon, Cortisol, and Adrenaline
Initiate labour pain: Oxytocin and Prostaglandins
(b) Nervous coordination differs from hormonal coordination. Explain in four (4) points
Answers:
Nervous and hormonal coordination are both crucial for regulating bodily functions, but they differ in several key aspects:
Speed of Action: Nervous coordination involves the transmission of rapid electrical impulses along nerve fibers, resulting in a swift response. In contrast, hormonal coordination relies on the release of chemical messengers (hormones) into the bloodstream, which then travel to target cells, leading to a slower and more gradual response.
Duration of Effect: The effects of nervous coordination are typically short-lived, as the nerve impulses cease quickly once the stimulus is removed. Hormonal coordination, however, often produces longer-lasting effects because hormones can remain in the bloodstream and continue to influence target cells for an extended period.
Specificity of Action: Nervous coordination tends to have localized and specific effects, targeting particular muscles or glands through direct nerve connections. Hormones, on the other hand, can have widespread effects throughout the body as they circulate in the bloodstream and can influence various target cells that possess the appropriate receptors.
Mode of Transmission: Nervous coordination uses electrical and chemical signals (neurotransmitters) transmitted across synapses between nerve cells. Hormonal coordination relies solely on chemical signals (hormones) that are secreted by endocrine glands into the bloodstream and transported to their target sites.
Question two
Many people especially the youth engage in bad habits of using drugs such as cocaine, heroin, and marijuana. What do you think are causes of the youth to engage in drug abuse? Suggest the ways in which we can stop youth from this habit
Answers:
It's a serious concern that many young people are engaging in drug abuse. Several interconnected factors can contribute to this:
Causes of Youth Drug Abuse:
Peer Pressure: The desire to fit in and be accepted by friends or social groups can strongly influence young people to experiment with drugs. They may fear social exclusion if they don't participate.
Curiosity and Experimentation: Adolescence is a time of exploration and risk-taking. Youth may try drugs out of curiosity to experience new sensations or to feel grown up.
Stress and Mental Health Issues: Some young people turn to drugs as a way to cope with stress, anxiety, depression, or other mental health challenges. They may seek temporary relief from difficult emotions.
Family Factors: A family history of substance abuse, poor parental monitoring, lack of a strong parent-child bond, family conflict, or parental approval of drug use can increase a young person's risk.
Media and Cultural Influences: Movies, music, social media, and other forms of media can sometimes glamorize or normalize drug use, influencing young people's perceptions.
Low Self-Esteem and Social Rejection: Feelings of inadequacy or social isolation can make some youth more vulnerable to drug use as a way to boost confidence or feel a sense of belonging.
Availability and Accessibility: Easy access to drugs within their social circles or communities can make it more likely for young people to experiment and continue using them.
Lack of Awareness of Risks: Some youth may not fully understand the potential short-term and long-term negative consequences of drug abuse on their health, education, and future.
Ways to Stop Youth from Drug Abuse:
Strengthen Family Bonds and Communication: Open and honest communication between parents and children, coupled with a supportive and nurturing family environment, can act as a strong protective factor. Parents should actively listen to their children, understand their challenges, and offer guidance.
Educate and Raise Awareness: Comprehensive drug education programs in schools and communities are crucial. These programs should provide accurate information about the risks and consequences of drug use, without resorting to scare tactics, and promote healthy decision-making skills.
Promote Healthy Coping Mechanisms: Equip young people with skills to manage stress, anxiety, and other emotional challenges in healthy ways, such as exercise, mindfulness, creative expression, and problem-solving techniques.
Foster Positive Peer Influence: Encourage youth to engage in positive social activities and build friendships with peers who do not use drugs. Mentoring programs and youth groups can provide supportive and drug-free environments.
Increase Parental Monitoring and Involvement: Parents should be aware of their children's activities, friends, and whereabouts. Setting clear rules and consistently enforcing them can help prevent drug use.
Address Underlying Mental Health Issues: Provide access to mental health services and support for young people struggling with depression, anxiety, or other mental health conditions, as these can be significant risk factors for substance abuse.
Limit Access and Availability: Community-level efforts to reduce the availability of drugs and enforce laws related to drug use can help limit young people's access.
Media Literacy and Critical Thinking: Teach young people to critically analyze media messages and understand how drug use might be portrayed in a misleading or glamorized way.
Early Intervention and Treatment: If a young person starts experimenting with drugs, early intervention and access to appropriate treatment and counseling services are essential to prevent escalation into addiction.
Community Involvement: Collaborative efforts involving schools, families, community organizations, religious institutions, and law enforcement agencies are vital to create a supportive and drug-free environment for young people.
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